What you need to know for ebola.

Ebola virus disease(EVD) orEbola hemorrhagic fever(EHF) is the human disease caused by ebola viruses. Symptoms start two days to three weeks after contracting the virus with a fever, throat and muscle pains, and headaches. There is then nausea, vomiting and diarrheaalong with decreased functioning of the liverand kidneys. At this point some people begin to have problems with bleeding. [ 1 ] The disease is first acquired by a population when a person comes into contact with the bloodor bodily fluidsof an infected animal such as a monkey or fruit bat. Fruit bats are believed to carry and spread the disease without being affected by it. Once infection occurs, the disease may be spread from one person to another. People who survive may be able to transmit the disease sexually for nearly two months. To make the diagnosis, typically other diseases with similar symptoms such as malaria, choleraand other viral hemorrhagic feverare excluded. The blood may then be tested for either antibodiesto the virus, the viral RNA, or the virus itself to confirm the diagnosis. [ 1 ] Prevention involves decreasing the spread of the disease from infected monkeys and pigs to humans. This may be done by checking these animals for infection and killing and properly disposing of the bodies if the disease is discovered. Properly cooking meat and wearing protective clothing when handling meat may be helpful, as may wearing protective clothing and washing handswhen around someone sick with the disease. Samples from people with the disease should be handled with an extra degree of caution. [ 1 ] There is no specific treatment for the virus with efforts to help people including giving the person either oral rehydration therapyor intravenous fluids. [ 1 ]The disease has a high death rate: often between 50% and 90%. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]It typically occurs in outbreaks in tropical regions of Sub-Saharan Africa. [ 1 ]Between 1976, when it was first identified, and 2014, fewer than 1,000 people a year have been infected. [ 1 ] [ 3 ]The largest outbreak to date is the ongoing 2014 West Africa Ebola outbreak, which is affecting Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberiaand Nigeria. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ]The disease was first identified in the Sudanand the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Efforts are ongoing to develop a vaccine; however, none exists as of 2014. [ 1 ] Signs and symptoms Manifestation of Ebola begins abruptly with a sudden onset of an influenza-like stage characterized by general malaise, fever with chills, sore throat, severe headache, weakness, joint pain, muscle pain, and chest pain. [ 6 ] Respiratory tractinvolvement is characterized by pharyngitiswith sore throat, cough, dyspnea, and hiccups. The central nervous systemis affected as judged by the development of severe headaches, agitation, confusion, fatigue, depression, seizures, and sometimes coma. Cutaneous presentation may include: maculopapular rash, petechiae, purpura, ecchymoses, and hematomas(especially around needle injection sites). In general, development of hemorrhagic symptoms is indicative of a negative prognosis. However, contrary to popular belief, hemorrhage does not lead to hypovolemiaand is not the cause of death(total blood loss is low except during labor). Instead, death occurs due to multiple organ dysfunction syndrome(MODS) due to fluid redistribution, hypotension, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and focal tissue necroses. The average time between contracting the infection and the onset of symptoms is 13 days, but can be as long as 25 days. [ 7 ] Hemorrhage All people infected show some extent of coagulopathyand impaired circulatory system symptomology. [ 8 ]Bleeding from mucous membranes and puncture sites is reported in 40–50% of cases, [ 9 ]while maculopapular rashes are evident in approximately 50% of cases. [ 8 ]Sources of bleeds include hematemesis, hemoptysis, melena, and aforementioned bleeding from mucous membranes( gastrointestinal tract, nose, vaginaand gingiva). However diffuse bleeding (i.e. heavy) is rare; occurrence is usually exclusive to the gastrointestinal tract. [ 8 ] [ 10 ] Causes Main article: Ebolavirus EVD is caused by four of five viruses classified in the genus Ebolavirus, family Filoviridae, order Mononegavirales: Bundibugyo virus(BDBV), Ebola virus(EBOV), Sudan virus(SUDV), Taï Forest virus(TAFV). The fifth virus, Reston virus(RESTV), is thought to be not disease causing for humans and therefore not discussed here. Transmission EVD is believed to occur after an ebola virus is transmitted to a human index case via contact with an infected animal host.[ citation needed]Human-to-human transmission occurs via direct contact with blood or bodily fluids from an infected person (including embalming of an infected dead person) or by contact with contaminated medical equipment such as needles.[ citation needed]In the past, explosive nosocomialtransmission has occurred in under-equipped African hospitals due to the reuse of needles and lack of implementation of universal precautions.[ citation needed]Aerosol transmission has not been observed during natural EVD outbreaks.[ citation needed]The potential for widespread EVD epidemicsis considered low due to the high case-fatality rate, the rapidity of demise of patients, and the often remote areas where infections occur.[ citation needed] Risk factors Bushmeatbeing prepared for cooking in Ghana, 2013. Human consumption of equatorial animals in Africa in the form of bushmeat has been linked to the transmission of diseases to people, including Ebola. [ 11 ] Between 1976 and 1998, in 30,000 mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and arthropodssampled from outbreak regions, noebolaviruswas detected apart from some genetic traces found in six rodents ( Mus setulosusand Praomys) and one shrew( Sylvisorex ollula) collected from the Central African Republic. [ 12 ] [ 13 ]Traces of EBOV were detected in the carcasses of gorillasand chimpanzees during outbreaks in 2001 and 2003, which later became the source of human infections. However, the high lethality from infection in these species makes them unlikely as a natural reservoir. [ 12 ] Plants, arthropods, and birds have also been considered as possible reservoirs; however, batsare considered the most likely candidate. [ 14 ]Bats were known to reside in the cotton factory in which the index casesfor the 1976 and 1979 outbreaks were employed, and they have also been implicated in Marburg virusinfections in 1975 and 1980. [ 12 ]Of 24 plant species and 19 vertebrate species experimentally inoculated with EBOV, only bats became infected. [ 15 ] The absence of clinical signs in these bats is characteristic of a reservoir species. In a 2002–2003 survey of 1,030 animals including 679 bats from Gabonand the Republic of the Congo, 13 fruit bats were found to contain EBOV RNA fragments. [ 16 ]As of 2005, three types of fruit bats( Hypsignathus monstrosus.

What you need to know for ebola.

Ebola virus disease(EVD) orEbola hemorrhagic fever(EHF) is the human disease caused by ebola viruses. Symptoms start two days to three weeks after contracting the virus with a fever, throat and muscle pains, and headaches. There is then nausea, vomiting and diarrheaalong with decreased functioning of the liverand kidneys. At this point some people begin to have problems with bleeding. [ 1 ] The disease is first acquired by a population when a person comes into contact with the bloodor bodily fluidsof an infected animal such as a monkey or fruit bat. Fruit bats are believed to carry and spread the disease without being affected by it. Once infection occurs, the disease may be spread from one person to another. People who survive may be able to transmit the disease sexually for nearly two months. To make the diagnosis, typically other diseases with similar symptoms such as malaria, choleraand other viral hemorrhagic feverare excluded. The blood may then be tested for either antibodiesto the virus, the viral RNA, or the virus itself to confirm the diagnosis. [ 1 ] Prevention involves decreasing the spread of the disease from infected monkeys and pigs to humans. This may be done by checking these animals for infection and killing and properly disposing of the bodies if the disease is discovered. Properly cooking meat and wearing protective clothing when handling meat may be helpful, as may wearing protective clothing and washing handswhen around someone sick with the disease. Samples from people with the disease should be handled with an extra degree of caution. [ 1 ] There is no specific treatment for the virus with efforts to help people including giving the person either oral rehydration therapyor intravenous fluids. [ 1 ]The disease has a high death rate: often between 50% and 90%. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]It typically occurs in outbreaks in tropical regions of Sub-Saharan Africa. [ 1 ]Between 1976, when it was first identified, and 2014, fewer than 1,000 people a year have been infected. [ 1 ] [ 3 ]The largest outbreak to date is the ongoing 2014 West Africa Ebola outbreak, which is affecting Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberiaand Nigeria. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ]The disease was first identified in the Sudanand the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Efforts are ongoing to develop a vaccine; however, none exists as of 2014. [ 1 ] Signs and symptoms Manifestation of Ebola begins abruptly with a sudden onset of an influenza-like stage characterized by general malaise, fever with chills, sore throat, severe headache, weakness, joint pain, muscle pain, and chest pain. [ 6 ] Respiratory tractinvolvement is characterized by pharyngitiswith sore throat, cough, dyspnea, and hiccups. The central nervous systemis affected as judged by the development of severe headaches, agitation, confusion, fatigue, depression, seizures, and sometimes coma. Cutaneous presentation may include: maculopapular rash, petechiae, purpura, ecchymoses, and hematomas(especially around needle injection sites). In general, development of hemorrhagic symptoms is indicative of a negative prognosis. However, contrary to popular belief, hemorrhage does not lead to hypovolemiaand is not the cause of death(total blood loss is low except during labor). Instead, death occurs due to multiple organ dysfunction syndrome(MODS) due to fluid redistribution, hypotension, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and focal tissue necroses. The average time between contracting the infection and the onset of symptoms is 13 days, but can be as long as 25 days. [ 7 ] Hemorrhage All people infected show some extent of coagulopathyand impaired circulatory system symptomology. [ 8 ]Bleeding from mucous membranes and puncture sites is reported in 40–50% of cases, [ 9 ]while maculopapular rashes are evident in approximately 50% of cases. [ 8 ]Sources of bleeds include hematemesis, hemoptysis, melena, and aforementioned bleeding from mucous membranes( gastrointestinal tract, nose, vaginaand gingiva). However diffuse bleeding (i.e. heavy) is rare; occurrence is usually exclusive to the gastrointestinal tract. [ 8 ] [ 10 ] Causes Main article: Ebolavirus EVD is caused by four of five viruses classified in the genus Ebolavirus, family Filoviridae, order Mononegavirales: Bundibugyo virus(BDBV), Ebola virus(EBOV), Sudan virus(SUDV), Taï Forest virus(TAFV). The fifth virus, Reston virus(RESTV), is thought to be not disease causing for humans and therefore not discussed here. Transmission EVD is believed to occur after an ebola virus is transmitted to a human index case via contact with an infected animal host.[ citation needed]Human-to-human transmission occurs via direct contact with blood or bodily fluids from an infected person (including embalming of an infected dead person) or by contact with contaminated medical equipment such as needles.[ citation needed]In the past, explosive nosocomialtransmission has occurred in under-equipped African hospitals due to the reuse of needles and lack of implementation of universal precautions.[ citation needed]Aerosol transmission has not been observed during natural EVD outbreaks.[ citation needed]The potential for widespread EVD epidemicsis considered low due to the high case-fatality rate, the rapidity of demise of patients, and the often remote areas where infections occur.[ citation needed] Risk factors Bushmeatbeing prepared for cooking in Ghana, 2013. Human consumption of equatorial animals in Africa in the form of bushmeat has been linked to the transmission of diseases to people, including Ebola. [ 11 ] Between 1976 and 1998, in 30,000 mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and arthropodssampled from outbreak regions, noebolaviruswas detected apart from some genetic traces found in six rodents ( Mus setulosusand Praomys) and one shrew( Sylvisorex ollula) collected from the Central African Republic. [ 12 ] [ 13 ]Traces of EBOV were detected in the carcasses of gorillasand chimpanzees during outbreaks in 2001 and 2003, which later became the source of human infections. However, the high lethality from infection in these species makes them unlikely as a natural reservoir. [ 12 ] Plants, arthropods, and birds have also been considered as possible reservoirs; however, batsare considered the most likely candidate. [ 14 ]Bats were known to reside in the cotton factory in which the index casesfor the 1976 and 1979 outbreaks were employed, and they have also been implicated in Marburg virusinfections in 1975 and 1980. [ 12 ]Of 24 plant species and 19 vertebrate species experimentally inoculated with EBOV, only bats became infected. [ 15 ] The absence of clinical signs in these bats is characteristic of a reservoir species. In a 2002–2003 survey of 1,030 animals including 679 bats from Gabonand the Republic of the Congo, 13 fruit bats were found to contain EBOV RNA fragments. [ 16 ]As of 2005, three types of fruit bats( Hypsignathus monstrosus.

Gaza_israhell.

Israel to 'resist international pressure' over Gaza 11 July 2014Last updated at 16:52 Israel will resist foreign pressure to halt its operations in Gaza, Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has said. He said Israel had attacked more than 1,000 targets in Gaza since Tuesday, and was using twice the force it used during a similar operation in 2012. More than 100 people have died in the Israeli air strikes on Gaza, Palestinian sources say. Meanwhile militants in Gaza continue to fire rockets into Israel, causing damage and injuries. Mr Netanyahu said he had held "very good, positive" telephone consultations with US President Barack Obama and German Chancellor Angela Merkel. But he added that "no international pressure will prevent us from acting with all power". The Palestinian health ministry says in addition to those killed, 675 people - mainly civilians - have been injured in Israel's Operation Protective Edge since it began on Tuesday. Israel says "dozens of terrorists" are among the dead. But UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Navi Pillay says there is "serious doubt" as to whether Israeli's military operation complies with international laws banning the targeting of civilians. "We have received deeply disturbing reports that many of the civilian casualties, including of children, occurred as a result of strikes on homes," Ms Pillay said in a statement. Israel has repeatedly insisted that it tries to avoid civilian casualties, but says the militants often place their military assets in residential areas

Gaza_israhell.

Israel to 'resist international pressure' over Gaza 11 July 2014Last updated at 16:52 Israel will resist foreign pressure to halt its operations in Gaza, Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has said. He said Israel had attacked more than 1,000 targets in Gaza since Tuesday, and was using twice the force it used during a similar operation in 2012. More than 100 people have died in the Israeli air strikes on Gaza, Palestinian sources say. Meanwhile militants in Gaza continue to fire rockets into Israel, causing damage and injuries. Mr Netanyahu said he had held "very good, positive" telephone consultations with US President Barack Obama and German Chancellor Angela Merkel. But he added that "no international pressure will prevent us from acting with all power". The Palestinian health ministry says in addition to those killed, 675 people - mainly civilians - have been injured in Israel's Operation Protective Edge since it began on Tuesday. Israel says "dozens of terrorists" are among the dead. But UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Navi Pillay says there is "serious doubt" as to whether Israeli's military operation complies with international laws banning the targeting of civilians. "We have received deeply disturbing reports that many of the civilian casualties, including of children, occurred as a result of strikes on homes," Ms Pillay said in a statement. Israel has repeatedly insisted that it tries to avoid civilian casualties, but says the militants often place their military assets in residential areas

Gaza_israhell.

Israel to 'resist international pressure' over Gaza 11 July 2014Last updated at 16:52 Israel will resist foreign pressure to halt its operations in Gaza, Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has said. He said Israel had attacked more than 1,000 targets in Gaza since Tuesday, and was using twice the force it used during a similar operation in 2012. More than 100 people have died in the Israeli air strikes on Gaza, Palestinian sources say. Meanwhile militants in Gaza continue to fire rockets into Israel, causing damage and injuries. Mr Netanyahu said he had held "very good, positive" telephone consultations with US President Barack Obama and German Chancellor Angela Merkel. But he added that "no international pressure will prevent us from acting with all power". The Palestinian health ministry says in addition to those killed, 675 people - mainly civilians - have been injured in Israel's Operation Protective Edge since it began on Tuesday. Israel says "dozens of terrorists" are among the dead. But UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Navi Pillay says there is "serious doubt" as to whether Israeli's military operation complies with international laws banning the targeting of civilians. "We have received deeply disturbing reports that many of the civilian casualties, including of children, occurred as a result of strikes on homes," Ms Pillay said in a statement. Israel has repeatedly insisted that it tries to avoid civilian casualties, but says the militants often place their military assets in residential areas